Sri Nugroho Marsoem , Fajar Setiaji , Nam Hum Kim , Joko Sulistyo , Denny Irawati , Widyanto Dwi Nugroho , Yus Andini Bekti Pertiwi

DOI: JANT Vol.43(No.2) 145-155, 2015

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Fiber morphology and basic characteristics of Legi bamboos (Gigantochloa atter) growing on Yogyakarta were studied considering their age and height positions in the culms. Culms of 4, 16, and 40 months were harvested, and their total lengths were measured. The length, diameter, and wall thickness of each internode were measured. All the sample culms were divided into three different parts along the height, and their fiber dimension and physical properties were observed. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance. The results showed that the culms had a diameter of 5.8 to 10.8 cm. The lowest internodes always showed the shortest length and the thickest wall. The culms had an average fiber length of 2.41 mm and Runkel ratio of 0.61. Fiber length was affected by the height, while fiber diameter, lumen diameter, and fiber wall thickness were affected significantly by the age of the culms. The culms had high green moisture content (GMC) of 157.89%, and basic density (BD) of 456.67 kg.m -3 , a total longitudinal shrinkage of 0.35%, and relatively low R/T shrinkage ratio. The interactions between age and height were affected GMC and BD.

Rahma Nur Komariah , Yusuf Sudo Hadi , Muh Yusram Massijaya , Jajang Suryana

DOI: JANT Vol.43(No.2) 156-167, 2015

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The aim of this study was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of glued laminated timber (glulam) manufactured from small-diameter logs of three wood species, Acacia mangium (mangium), Maesopsis eminii (manii), and Falcataria moluccana (sengon), with densities of 533, 392, and 271 kg/m 3 , respectively. Glulam measuring 5 cm by 7 cm by 160 cm in thickness, width, and length, respectively, was made with three to five lamina, or layers, and isocyanate adhesive. The glulams contained either the same wood species for all layers or a combination of mangium face and back layers with a core layer of manii or sengon. Solid wood samples of the same size for all three species were included as a basis for comparison. Physical-mechanical properties and delamination tests of glulam referred to JAS 234:2003. The results showed that the properties of same species glulam did not differ from those of solid wood, with the exception of the shear strength of glulam being lower than that of solid wood. Wood species affected glulam properties, but three- and five-layer glulams were not different except for the modulus of elasticity. All glulams were resistant to delamination by immersion in both cold and boiling water. The glulams that successfully met the JAS standard were three- and five-layer mangium, five-layer manii, and five-layer mangium-manii glulams.

Kyung Rok Won , Nam Euy Hong , Han Min Park , Sun Ok Moon , Hee Seop Byeon

DOI: JANT Vol.43(No.2) 168-176, 2015

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This study was performed to investigate the effects of heat treatment the on mechanical properties of two species of wood under different heating conditions including at 180℃ for 12 h and 24 h, and at 210℃ for 3 h and 6 h. Two species of wood, Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi, were exposed to different heat treatments to assess the effects on the volume change, bending properties in static and dynamic mode and compressive strength. The results showed heat treatment caused significant changes in mechanical properties such as the static and dynamic moduli of elasticity (MOEd and MOEs), and the modulus of rupture (MOR). The volume of the wood after heat treatment decreased as the heating temperature and time were increased. The bending strength performance of the wood after heat treatment decreased as the heating temperature and time were increased. The effect of heat treatment at a high temperature on the bending MOR was greater in both species than that for a long time. However, the compressive strengths of all the heat-treated samples were higher than the control sample. Furthermore, highly significant correlations between MOEd and MOR, and MOEs and MOR were found for all heating conditions.

Gi Young Jeong , Jin Hyuk Kong

DOI: JANT Vol.43(No.2) 177-185, 2015

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The goal of this study is to evaluate the limitation of ASTM D 198 bending and ASTM D 3044 in determination of elastic modulus and shear modulus. Different material properties and span to depth ratios were used to analyze the effects of material property and testing conditions. The ratio of true elastic modulus to apparent elastic modulus evaluated from ASTM D 198 bending sharply decreased with increment of span to depth ratio. Shear modulus evaluated from ASTM D 198 bending decreased with increment of depth, whereas shear modulus evaluated from ASTM D 3044 was hardly influenced by increment of depth. Poisson’s ratio influenced shear modulus from ASTM D 198 bending but did not influence shear modulus from ASTM D 3044. Different shearing factor was obtained for different depths of beams to correct shear modulus obtained from ASTM D 198 bending equivalent to shear modulus from theory of elasticity. Equivalent shear modulus of materials could be obtained by applying different shearing factors associated with beam depth for ASTM D 198 bending and correction factor for ASTM D 3044.

Hyoung Woo Lee

DOI: JANT Vol.43(No.2) 186-195, 2015

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This study aims at modeling the rotary drying of wood chips in co-current mode and estimating the drying time of larch (Larix kaemferi) wood chip. Drying data were obtained in a lab. scale fixed bed dryer operating with an air velocity of 1 m/sec. and at hot air inlet temperatures of 100℃, 200℃, and 300℃. The lab. scale fixed-bed drying rates for small, medium and large size larch wood chips that had been dried from 40% wet-based moisture content (MC) to 10% MC at 200℃ drying temperature were 17.3 %/min., 10.2 %/min. and 5.5 %/min., respectively. It was predicted that larch large size wood chips could be dried from 40% MC to 10% MC in about 23.0, 34.6, and 44.7 minutes at 300℃, 200℃ and 150℃, respectively. Expected drying times for medium size chips were about 8.6, 11.2 and 13.2 minutes and those for small size chips were 4.3, 5.5 and 6.4 minutes, respectively.

Jae Jung Lee , Byoung Jun Ahn , Eun Ji Kim

DOI: JANT Vol.43(No.2) 196-205, 2015

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the fuel characteristics of thermally treated wood chips of the Larix kaempferi C. As torrefaction temperature was increased (200℃ to 300℃), the carbon content, calorific value, and mass loss of torrefied wood chips increased significantly. The torrefied wood chips were shown to have hydrophobic properties even when only treated by mild torrefaction. The energy required to grind torrefied wood chips was reduced by the torrefaction process. Different sizes of wood chips were used in this study; however, this produced almost no difference in the fuel characteristics of processed Larix kaempferi C, except in the distribution of ground wood particles. Similar results were observed when the wood chips were torrefied for different lengths of time (15 min to 60 min) at a constant temperature. Torrefaction was shown to have positive effects on the fuel characteristics of Larix kaempferi C, including improved energy density, storage, and grindability.

Kyung Rok Won , Nam Euy Hong , Sang Uk Kang , Sang Bum Park , Hee Seop Byeon

DOI: JANT Vol.43(No.2) 206-213, 2015

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This study was carried out to use carbonized medium density fiberboard (MDF) for the replacement of sound absorbing material. Carbonization treatment was performed to improve sound absorption property for MDF at carbonizing temperatures of 500℃, 700℃, 900℃ and 1100℃. As the carbonization temperature increased, the results of the observation by scanning electron microscope (SEM) demonstrated that the fibers exhibited a more compressed morphology within the surface section of the MDF than those within the middle section of MDF. As the carbonizing temperature increased, the cavity increased. The sound absorption coefficient increased between the temperatures of 500℃ and 900℃, but decreased at a temperature of 1100℃. The sound absorption properties of the carbonized MDF and the non-carbonized MDF were compared. The maximum sound absorption coefficient of the carbonized MDF was 12.38%. This was almost double of the value of the non-carbonized MDF.

Tae Sung Lee , Dong Joo Kwon , Young Soo Bae

DOI: JANT Vol.43(No.2) 214-223, 2015

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The bark of Acer komarovii was collected, ground, and extracted with 70% aqueous acetone to obtain concentrates. The concentrates were suspended in H2O, and then successively partitioned with n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethylacetate to be freeze dried. A portion of ethylacetate fraction was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 and a RP C-18 column with various aqueous MeOH-H2O (1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, 1:7, 1:9, 1:10, 3:1, and 4:1, v/v) eluents. Four compounds were isolated; (-)-epicatechin (9.6 g), procyanidin A2 (epicatechin-(4β→8, 2β→O→7)-epicatechin) (1.3 g), procyanidin B2 (epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin) (40.0 mg), and cinnamtannin B1 (epicatechin-(4β→8, 2β→O→7)-epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin) (690 mg). The analysis of the bark procyanidins showed that the basic unit constituting condensed tannins was only (-)-epicatechin. This study, for the first time, report the procyanidins of Acer komarovii bark.

Jong Soo Jo , Ji Young Jung , Jeong Bin Nam , Hyung Bin Park , Jae Kyung Yang

DOI: JANT Vol.43(No.2) 224-237, 2015

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We hypothesized that the extract from steam exploded Q. variabilis might be cytoprotective for tenofibroblasts cells during oxidative stress. In the present study, the extracts obtained from steam exploded (severity log Ro 4.68) Q. variabilis contained high quantities of phenolics and flavonoids contents. Also, the extracts appear to have, on these tenofibroblasts, a protective effect against oxidative stress. Tenofibroblasts cells incubated with the extracts and stressed with H2O2 showed an increase in cell viability by MTT assay. The extracts is found to inhibit H2O2-induced apoptosis in tenofibroblasts cells, as shown by Annexin V/PI double staining analysis. Western blot data showed that in the extracts/H2O2-treated cells, the extracts inhibited the H2O2-dependent phosphorylation of ERK and p38. From these results, it is suggested that the extracts showed the protective effect on H2O2-mediated oxidative stress. The main chemical compounds of the extract was identified as 1,8-cineole by GC-MS analysis. The anti-apoptosis activity is accordingly believed to be attributable to the 1,8-cineole.

Tae Seong Lee , Wang Gyun Ryu , Young Soo Bae

DOI: JANT Vol.43(No.2) 238-247, 2015

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Katsura tree (Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. Et Zucc) leaves were collected, air-dried and extracted with 70% aqueous acetone, then concentrated and sequentially fractionated using n-hexane, CH2Cl2, EtOAc, and H2O to be freeze dried for antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition activity tests. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay. The test concentrations were adjusted to 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.62, 7.81, 3.9, 1.95 and 0.97 ppm. The H2O and EtOAc fractions showed higher activities compared with the control,α-tocopherol, at all concentrations. The crude fraction also gave better activity at the concentrations lower than 62.5 ppm. However, the nonpolar n-hexane and CH2Cl2 fractions gave prominently lower activities compared with the control at all concentrations. The IC50 values of the crude, EtOAc, and H2O fractions exhibited 11.78, 4.29 and 9.80 μg/mℓ, respectively, compared with 12.08 μg/mℓ of the control. But the n-hexane and CH2Cl2 fractions indicated 300 and 91.85 μg/mℓ of IC50, respectively. α-Glucosidase inhibition activity was evaluated at the concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.3, 3.1, 1.6 and 0.8 ppm. The inhibition activities were increased according to as the increase of sample concentrations. However, the nonpolar n-hexane and CH2Cl2 fractions indicated very low inhibition activities compared with acarbose, a positive control. The EtOAc fraction showed very good capability as almost 100% compared with the control at the higher concentrations than 12.5 ppm and the crude fraction also indicated good potential as 95% and 100% at 25 and 50 ppm, respectively. The H2O fraction gave good inhibition value as 90% at 50 ppm although the value was lower than the control. These results showed that the polar fractions had better α-glucosidase inhibition activities. The IC50 values of the nonpolar fractions, n-hexane and CH2Cl2, showed very lower values as 468 and 103.6 μg/mℓ, respectively, than the control.However, the polar fractions, crude, EtOAc and H2O, showed 7.1, 3.7 and 13 μg/mℓ, respectively, indicating that these fractions can be used as natural bioresources for treating diabetes mellitus. Also α-glucosidase inhibition activity had a positive correlation with antioxidant activity of the extracts.

Fauzi Febrianto , Andi Zaim Pranata , Dea Septiana , Arinana , Adiyantara Gumilang , Wahyu Hidayat , Jae Hyuk Jang , Seung Hwan Lee , Won Joung Hwang , Nam Hun Kim

DOI: JANT Vol.43(No.2) 248-257, 2015

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This research focused on the natural durability of twenty one lesser known tropical wood species planted in West Java, Indonesia against subterranean termite (Coptotermes curvignathus). It was observed that both heartwood and sapwood of Kiara payung (Filicium decipiens); heartwoods of Nangka (Arthocarpus heterophyllus), Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla) and Simpur (Dillenia grandifolia); and sapwood of Bungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa) were rated as resistant (natural durability classⅡ) according to Indonesian standard SNI 01.7207.2006 (BSN 2006). Both heartwood and sapwood of Salam (Syzigium polyanthum), Pasang (Lithocarpus sundaicus), Bisbul (Diospyros discolor), Rukam (Flacourtia rukam) and Trembesi (Samanea saman); heartwood of Puspa (Schima walichii), Bungur, Tanjung (Mimusops elangi) and Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) were rated as moderately resistant (natural durability classⅢ). Both heartwood and sapwood of Sungkai (Peronema canescens), Pine (Pinus merkusii), Mangium (Acacia mangium) and Afrika (Maesopsis eminii); sapwoods of Mahoni, Puspa and Tanjung were rated as poorly resistant (natural durability class Ⅳ). Both heartwood and sapwood of Agathis (Agathis dammara), Durian (Durio zibethinus), Ki sampang (Evodia latifolia) and Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba); sapwoods of Nangka and Angsana were rated as very poorly resistant (natural durability class Ⅴ). This reserach showed that woods with lower resistance against C. curvignathus attack (natural durability class Ⅳ and Ⅴ) tend to have lower termite mortality values compared to woods with higher resistance against C. curvignathus attack (natural durability class Ⅱ and Ⅲ). Results of the study will provide some valuable information on termite resistance of twenty one lesser known tropical wood species planted in Indonesia.

Ming Zhi Wang , Hai Ping Ji , Li Li

DOI: JANT Vol.43(No.2) 258-264, 2015

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To evaluate the influence of 3A zeolite on the flame retardant properties of poplar plywood. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and 3A zeolite were used as flame retardants to prepare plywood samples. The combustion properties, such as heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), mean CO and CO2 yield, smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP), were characterized by a cone calorimeter. A synergistic effect was observed between 3A zeolite and APP on reducing the HRR and mean CO yield. The probable flame retardation mechanism was proposed.

Jin Ah Lim , Jung Kwon Oh , Jung Pyo Hong , Jun Jae Lee

DOI: JANT Vol.43(No.2) 265-273, 2015

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In general, when wood products are used outdoors for a certain period of time the surface color of wood changes due to light, water, heat and so on. This color change can be considered importantly for the product’s market value. In this study, the color change of ACQ (Alkaline Copper Quaternary) and CBHDO (CuO. H3BO3.N-cyclohexyldiazenium-anion) treated wood and untreated wood was investigated during 2-year weathering test. From this experimental study, it was found that the colors of the treated wood changed more reddish and yellowish from green. Meanwhile, the untreated wood turned to grey color rapidly. Also, the color of the treated wood in short-term exposure changed closer to the inherent color of the fresh natural wood than that of the untreated woods.

Ji Young Jung , Hyung Chul Lee , Jae Kyung Yang

DOI: JANT Vol.43(No.2) 274-285, 2015

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In view of the environmental and health hazards posed by synthetic insecticides, the use of plant products as botanical insecticides has gained increasing in recent years. In this study, we reported the insecticidal activity of extracts isolated from Coptis chinensis. On crude extraction, among the various solvent types tested (water, 1% (w/v) of sodium hydroxide, 70% ethanol), the 70% ethanol extract showed the best insecticidal activity (36.5%). Three different fractions (n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate) were obtained from crude extract (70% ethanol) of the chloroform fraction and found to have noteworthy insecticidal activity (62.9%) by filter paper contact bioassay. Their chemical structures were identified as 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol and aniline by head space-GC-MS analysis. Both compounds displayed a dose-dependent insecticidal activity of Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Insecticidal activity at the lowest concentration tested (500 ppm) approached 85.4% in the aniline compared with 79.9% in the 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol. The insecticidal activity was greater for the aniline than 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol. It is believed that the insecticidal activity is due mainly to the presence of aniline.